A cikin wata muhimmiyar sanarwa da yammacin ranar 3 ga Oktoba, 2023, an bayyana lambar yabo ta Nobel a fannin kimiyyar lissafi ta shekarar 2023, tare da sanin irin gudummawar da masana kimiyya uku suka bayar wadanda suka taka muhimmiyar rawa a matsayin majagaba a fannin fasahar Laser na biyu.

Kalmar "Attosecond Laser" ta samo sunanta daga ɗan gajeren lokaci da yake aiki a kai, musamman a cikin tsari na attoseconds, daidai da 10^-18 seconds. Don fahimtar mahimmin mahimmancin wannan fasaha, fahimtar ainihin abin da attosecond ke nunawa yana da mahimmanci. Attosecond yana tsaye a matsayin raka'ar lokaci mai wuce gona da iri, wanda ya ƙunshi biliyan ɗaya na biliyan na daƙiƙa ɗaya a cikin faffadan mahallin daƙiƙa ɗaya. Don mu kwatanta wannan, idan muka kwatanta dakika da wani dutse mai tsayi, daki-daki zai yi kama da yashi guda ɗaya da ke kwance a gindin dutsen. A cikin wannan tazara na ɗan lokaci, ko da haske zai iya wucewa da kyar daidai da girman kwayar zarra. Ta hanyar amfani da Laser na attosecond, masana kimiyya sun sami damar da ba a taɓa ganin irinta ba don bincika da sarrafa rikitattun abubuwan da ke tattare da lantarki a cikin tsarin atomic, daidai da tsarin jinkirin motsi na firam-by-frame a cikin jerin fina-finai, ta haka ne ke zurfafa cikin wasan su.

Laser na biyusuna wakiltar ƙarshen bincike mai zurfi da ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwa na masana kimiyya, waɗanda suka yi amfani da ka'idodin na'urorin gani marasa kan layi don kera laser ultrafast. Zuwan nasu ya ba mu sabuwar ma'ana don dubawa da kuma binciken hanyoyin da ke gudana a cikin kwayoyin halitta, kwayoyin halitta, har ma da electrons a cikin ingantaccen kayan aiki.

Don fayyace yanayin Laser na biyu da kuma godiya da halayensu marasa al'ada idan aka kwatanta da na'urar laser na al'ada, yana da mahimmanci a bincika rarraba su a cikin "iyalin Laser" mafi girma. Rarraba ta hanyar tsayin raƙuman raƙuman ruwa yana sanya lasers na biyu mafi yawa a cikin kewayon ultraviolet zuwa mitar X-ray mai laushi, yana nuna gajeriyar tsayin raƙuman su da bambanci da na yau da kullun. Dangane da yanayin fitarwa, laser attosecond suna faɗuwa ƙarƙashin nau'in laser pulsed, wanda ke da ɗan taƙaitaccen lokacin bugun bugun jini. Don zana kwatanci don bayyanawa, mutum na iya yin hasashen ci gaba da zazzage Laser kamar hasken walƙiya da ke fitar da ci gaba da hasken haske, yayin da Laser ɗin da aka ƙwanƙwasa yayi kama da hasken strobe, yana canzawa cikin sauri tsakanin lokutan haske da duhu. Mahimmanci, laser na biyu na nunin ɗabi'a mai raɗaɗi a cikin haske da duhu, duk da haka sauye-sauyen su tsakanin jihohin biyu yana faruwa a mitar mai ban mamaki, yana kaiwa ga sararin samaniya.

Ƙarin rarrabuwa ta hanyar wutar lantarki yana sanya lasers zuwa ƙananan ƙarfi, matsakaicin ƙarfi, da madaidaicin ƙarfin ƙarfi. Laser na biyu na biyu suna samun babban ƙarfin kololuwa saboda ƙarancin ɗan gajeren lokaci na bugun bugun jini, wanda ke haifar da ƙarar ƙarfin kololuwa (P) - wanda aka ayyana azaman ƙarfin ƙarfin kowane lokaci naúrar (P=W/t). Kodayake bugun jini na laser attosecond ɗaya ɗaya bazai mallaki babban ƙarfi na musamman (W), taƙaitaccen ɗan gajeren lokaci (t) yana ba su ƙarfin kololuwa.

Dangane da yankunan aikace-aikacen, lasers ya faɗi bakan da ya ƙunshi masana'antu, likitanci, da aikace-aikacen kimiyya. Laser na biyu da farko suna samun mafi kyawun su a cikin fagen binciken kimiyya, musamman a cikin binciken abubuwan da ke faruwa cikin sauri a cikin sassan ilimin kimiyyar lissafi da ilmin sunadarai, suna ba da tagar cikin matakan gaggawa na microcosmic na duniya.

Rarraba ta matsakaicin Laser yana ƙaddamar da lasers azaman Laser gas, Laser mai ƙarfi, laser ruwa, da laser semiconductor. Ƙirƙirar laser na attosecond yawanci yana rataye akan kafofin watsa labarai na Laser gas, suna yin amfani da tasirin gani marasa kan layi don haifar da jituwa mai ƙarfi.

A taƙaice, Laser na biyu ya ƙunshi nau'i na musamman na laser gajeriyar bugun bugun jini, wanda aka bambanta ta taƙaitaccen ɗan gajeren lokaci na bugun bugun jini, yawanci ana aunawa a cikin daƙiƙa guda. Sakamakon haka, sun zama kayan aikin da ba su da makawa don dubawa da sarrafa ultrafast sauye-sauyen tafiyar matakai na electrons a cikin kwayoyin halitta, kwayoyin halitta, da kayan aiki masu ƙarfi.

Tsari Tsari na Ƙarshen Laser na Attosecond

Fasahar Laser na Attosecond ta tsaya a kan gaba wajen ƙirƙira ƙirar kimiyya, tana alfahari da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun yanayi na tsararrakinta. Don fayyace tatsuniyoyi na ƙarni na Laser na attosecond, za mu fara da taƙaitaccen bayani game da ƙa'idodinsa, tare da bayyanannun misalai da aka samo daga abubuwan yau da kullun. Masu karatu waɗanda ba su da masaniya a cikin ƙwararrun ilimin kimiyyar lissafi da suka dace ba lallai ne su yanke ƙauna ba, saboda ƙa'idodin da suka biyo baya suna nufin ba da damar tushen ilimin kimiyyar lissafi na laser attosecond.

Tsarin ƙarni na lasers na biyu ya dogara da farko akan dabarar da aka sani da Babban Harmonic Generation (HHG). Da fari dai, katako mai ƙarfi na femtosecond (10^-15 seconds) bugun laser yana mai da hankali sosai akan kayan da ake nufi da iskar gas. Ya kamata a lura cewa Laser na femtosecond, kama da na biyu na lasers, suna raba halaye na mallakar gajeriyar bugun bugun jini da babban iko. Karkashin tasirin filin Laser mai tsanani, electrons a cikin atom din gas ana samun 'yantar da su na dan lokaci kadan daga atomic nuclei, suna shiga cikin yanayi na electrons kyauta. Yayin da waɗannan electrons ke oscillate don mayar da martani ga filin Laser, daga ƙarshe sun dawo kuma su sake haɗuwa tare da iyayensu na atomic nuclei, suna haifar da sababbin jihohi masu ƙarfi.

A lokacin wannan tsari, electrons suna motsawa cikin maɗaukakiyar saurin gaske, kuma idan sun sake haɗawa da ƙwayoyin atomic, suna fitar da ƙarin makamashi a cikin nau'in hayaki mai ƙarfi, yana bayyana a matsayin photons masu ƙarfi.

Mitoci na waɗannan sabbin na'urori masu ƙarfi masu ƙarfi sune nau'i-nau'i iri-iri na mitar Laser na asali, suna samar da abin da ake kira babban tsari mai jituwa, inda "harmonics" ke nuna mitoci waɗanda ke da alaƙa da mitar asali. Don samun laser na biyu, ya zama dole don tacewa da mayar da hankali kan waɗannan manyan jituwa masu ƙarfi, zaɓi takamaiman jituwa tare da mai da hankali kan su cikin wuri mai mahimmanci. Idan ana so, dabarun matsawa bugun bugun jini na iya ƙara rage lokacin bugun bugun jini, yana haifar da gajeriyar bugun jini a cikin kewayon attosecond. A bayyane yake, ƙarni na lasers na attosecond ya ƙunshi tsari mai salo da yawa, yana buƙatar babban matakin fasaha da kayan aiki na musamman.

Don warware wannan ƙaƙƙarfan tsari, muna ba da misalan misalan da aka kafa a cikin al'amuran yau da kullun:

Maɗaukakin Ƙarfin Laser na Femtosecond:

Hasashen mallakar katafat mai ƙarfi na musamman wanda zai iya jifan duwatsu a cikin manyan gudu, daidai da rawar da ƙarfin bugun laser femtosecond mai ƙarfi ya taka.

Abubuwan Nufin Gase:

Hoton jikin ruwa mai natsuwa wanda ke nuna alamar abin da ake nufi da iskar gas, inda kowane ɗigon ruwa ke wakiltar dumbin atom ɗin gas. Ayyukan tursasa duwatsu a cikin wannan jikin ruwa daidai gwargwado yana nuni da tasirin bugun laser mai ƙarfi na femtosecond akan abin da ake nufi da iskar gas.

Motsin Electron da Sake Haɗuwa (Tsarin Canjin Jiki):

Lokacin da bugun femtosecond Laser bugun jini yana tasiri atom ɗin gas a cikin abin da ake nufi da iskar gas, adadi mai yawa na electrons na waje suna jin daɗi na ɗan lokaci zuwa wata ƙasa inda suka rabu da nuclei na atomic na su, suna samar da yanayi mai kama da plasma. Yayin da makamashin tsarin ya ragu daga baya (tunda ƙwanƙwasa laser a zahiri suna bugun jini, yana nuna tazara na ƙarewa), waɗannan na'urorin lantarki na waje suna komawa kusa da ƙwayoyin atomic, suna fitar da photons masu ƙarfi.

Ƙarfafa masu jituwa:

Ka yi tunanin duk lokacin da ɗigon ruwa ya sake faɗowa saman tafkin, yana haifar da raƙuman ruwa, kamar babban jituwa a cikin laser attosecond. Waɗannan ripples suna da mitoci masu girma da girma fiye da na asali ripples da bugun bugun femtosecond na farko ya haifar. Yayin aikin HHG, katako mai ƙarfi na Laser, mai kama da ci gaba da jifan duwatsu, yana haskaka maƙasudin iskar gas, mai kama da saman tafkin. Wannan babban filin Laser yana motsa electrons a cikin iskar gas, mai kama da ripples, nesa da iyayensu atom sannan ya ja su baya. Duk lokacin da lantarki ya dawo atom, yana fitar da sabon katako na Laser tare da mitoci mafi girma, mai kama da rikitattun alamu.

Tace da Mayar da hankali:

Haɗa duk waɗannan sabbin igiyoyin Laser da aka samar suna haifar da nau'ikan launuka daban-daban (mitoci ko tsayin raƙuman ruwa), wasu daga cikinsu sun zama laser attosecond. Don keɓance takamaiman masu girma dabam da mitoci, zaku iya amfani da tacewa na musamman, daidai da zaɓin ripples ɗin da ake so, kuma yi amfani da gilashin ƙara girma don mai da hankali kan takamaiman yanki.

Matsin bugun jini (idan ya cancanta):

Idan kuna nufin yaɗa ripples cikin sauri da gajarta, zaku iya haɓaka yaɗuwar su ta amfani da na'ura ta musamman, rage lokacin kowane ripple yana ɗorewa. Ƙirƙirar laser na attosecond ya ƙunshi hadaddun tsaka-tsakin matakai. Duk da haka, idan aka rushe da kuma gani, yana zama mafi fahimta.