Babban ƙa'idar aiki ta laser (Ƙara Haske ta hanyar Ƙarfafa Hasken Radiation) ta dogara ne akan abin da ke haifar da fitar da haske. Ta hanyar jerin tsare-tsare da tsare-tsare masu kyau, lasers suna samar da haske mai ƙarfi, daidaito ɗaya, da haske. Ana amfani da lasers sosai a fasahar zamani, ciki har da a fannoni kamar sadarwa, magani, masana'antu, aunawa, da binciken kimiyya. Ingancin ingancinsu da halayen sarrafawa daidai sun sanya su zama babban ɓangaren fasahohi da yawa. A ƙasa akwai cikakken bayani game da ka'idodin aiki na lasers da hanyoyin nau'ikan lasers daban-daban.
1. Fitar da Iskar da Aka Ƙunsa
Fitar da aka ƙarfafashine babban ƙa'idar da ke bayan samar da laser, wanda Einstein ya fara gabatar da shi a shekarar 1917. Wannan lamari ya bayyana yadda ake samar da ƙarin photons masu haɗin kai ta hanyar hulɗar da ke tsakanin haske da abubuwan da ke cikin yanayi mai cike da farin ciki. Domin fahimtar fitar da hayaki mai motsawa sosai, bari mu fara da fitar da hayaki ba zato ba tsammani:
Fitar da Ruwa Ba Tare Da Kai Ba: A cikin ƙwayoyin halitta, ƙwayoyin halitta, ko wasu ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta, electrons na iya shan makamashin waje (kamar makamashin lantarki ko na gani) kuma su canza zuwa matakin makamashi mafi girma, wanda aka sani da yanayin da aka yi niyya. Duk da haka, electrons masu yanayin da aka yi niyya ba su da ƙarfi kuma daga ƙarshe za su koma matakin makamashi mafi ƙanƙanta, wanda aka sani da yanayin ƙasa, bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci. A lokacin wannan tsari, electron yana fitar da photon, wanda shine fitar da iskar gas ta bazata. Irin waɗannan photons ba su da tsari dangane da mita, lokaci, da alkibla, don haka ba su da daidaito.
Fitar da Iska Mai Ƙaruwa: Mabuɗin fitar da hayaki mai ƙarfi shine lokacin da electron mai yanayin motsawa ya haɗu da photon mai kuzari wanda ya dace da ƙarfin sauyawarsa, photon zai iya tura electron ya koma yanayin ƙasa yayin da yake fitar da sabon photon. Sabuwar photon iri ɗaya ce da ta asali dangane da mita, lokaci, da kuma alkiblar yaɗuwa, wanda ke haifar da haske mai daidaituwa. Wannan lamari yana ƙara yawan da kuzarin photons sosai kuma shine babban tsarin lasers.
Tasirin Ra'ayi Mai Kyau na Fitar da Iska Mai Ƙarfi: A cikin ƙirar laser, ana maimaita tsarin fitar da iskar gas da ke motsawa sau da yawa, kuma wannan tasirin amsawa mai kyau na iya ƙara yawan photons sosai. Tare da taimakon ramin resonant, ana kiyaye daidaiton photons, kuma ƙarfin hasken yana ƙaruwa akai-akai.
2. Samun Matsakaici
Thematsakaicin ribashine babban abu a cikin laser wanda ke ƙayyade haɓaka photons da fitowar laser. Ita ce tushen zahiri don fitar da hayaki mai motsawa, kuma halayensa suna ƙayyade mita, tsawon rai, da ƙarfin fitarwa na laser. Nau'in da halayen hanyar samun riba suna shafar aikace-aikacen da aikin laser kai tsaye.
Tsarin Jin Daɗi: Electrons da ke cikin hanyar samun makamashi suna buƙatar a motsa su zuwa matakin makamashi mafi girma ta hanyar tushen makamashi na waje. Wannan tsari yawanci ana cimma shi ta hanyar tsarin samar da makamashi na waje. Hanyoyin motsa jiki na yau da kullun sun haɗa da:
Famfon Lantarki: Yana jan hankalin electrons a cikin yanayin samun riba ta hanyar amfani da wutar lantarki.
Famfon Tantancewa: Yana jan hankalin kafofin watsa labarai tare da tushen haske (kamar fitilar walƙiya ko wani laser).
Tsarin Matakan MakamashiElectrons da ke cikin hanyar samun riba yawanci ana rarraba su a takamaiman matakan kuzari. Mafi yawan sunetsarin matakai biyukumatsarin matakai huɗuA cikin tsarin matakai biyu masu sauƙi, electrons suna canzawa daga yanayin ƙasa zuwa yanayin da ke cike da farin ciki sannan su koma yanayin ƙasa ta hanyar fitar da hayaki mai ƙarfi. A cikin tsarin matakai huɗu, electrons suna fuskantar sauye-sauye masu rikitarwa tsakanin matakan makamashi daban-daban, wanda galibi ke haifar da ingantaccen aiki.
Nau'ikan Kafofin Watsa Labarai na Gain:
Matsakaicin Ribar GasMisali, na'urorin laser na helium-neon (He-Ne). An san iskar gas gain media saboda ingantaccen fitarwa da kuma tsayayyen tsawon rai, kuma ana amfani da su sosai a matsayin tushen haske na yau da kullun a dakunan gwaje-gwaje.
Matsakaicin Ribar RuwaMisali, na'urorin laser masu launi. Kwayoyin rini suna da kyawawan halayen motsawa a cikin tsayi daban-daban, wanda hakan ya sa suka dace da na'urorin laser masu iya canzawa.
Matsakaicin Riba Mai KyauMisali, na'urorin laser na Nd (neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet). Waɗannan na'urorin laser suna da inganci sosai kuma suna da ƙarfi, kuma ana amfani da su sosai a yankan masana'antu, walda, da aikace-aikacen likita.
Matsakaicin Samun Semiconductor: Misali, ana amfani da kayan gallium arsenide (GaAs) sosai a cikin na'urorin sadarwa da na'urorin lantarki kamar su diodes na laser.
3. Kogon Resonator
Theramin resonatorwani ɓangare ne na tsarin laser da ake amfani da shi don amsawa da faɗaɗawa. Babban aikinsa shine haɓaka adadin photons da aka samar ta hanyar fitar da hayaki mai ƙarfi ta hanyar yin tunani da faɗaɗa su a cikin ramin, don haka samar da fitarwa mai ƙarfi da mayar da hankali kan laser.
Tsarin Kogon Resonator: Yawanci yana ƙunshe da madubai guda biyu masu layi ɗaya. Ɗaya madubi ne mai cikakken haske, wanda aka sani damadubin baya, ɗayan kuma madubi ne mai nuna wani ɓangare, wanda aka sani damadubin fitarwa. Hotunan suna nuna baya da gaba a cikin ramin kuma suna ƙaruwa ta hanyar hulɗa da hanyar samun riba.
Yanayin Ra'ayi: Tsarin ramin resonator dole ne ya cika wasu sharuɗɗa, kamar tabbatar da cewa photons suna samar da raƙuman ruwa a cikin ramin. Wannan yana buƙatar tsawon ramin ya zama ninki na tsawon laser. Raƙuman haske waɗanda suka cika waɗannan yanayi ne kawai za a iya ƙara su yadda ya kamata a cikin ramin.
Fitarwa Haske: Madubin da ke nuna haske kaɗan yana ba da damar wani ɓangare na hasken da aka ƙara wa haske ya ratsa ta, yana samar da hasken da laser ke fitarwa. Wannan hasken yana da babban alkibla, daidaito, da kuma kamanni ɗaya..
Idan kuna son ƙarin bayani ko kuna sha'awar na'urorin laser, da fatan za ku iya tuntuɓar mu a:
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Lokacin Saƙo: Satumba-18-2024